The Dying Sun by Sir James Jeans

Dark they were and Golden Eyed by Ray Bradbury

Clearing in the Sky by Jesse Staurt

Button, Button by Richard Matheson

Scope of Business Communication

Scope of Business Communication is an inseparable feature of human life. It includes all the activities of a person form his birth to death. We cannot think of passing even a single day without any short of Communication. The scope or uses of Communication cannot be demarcated; its importance is indispensable for all. The scope of Business Communication is discussed below form different perspectives:

Scope of Business Communication
Communication in Business: Business functions throughout effectual Communication and without it business can never be run. Communication is personally related to production of goods and services, purchasing and selling, warehousing, distribution and to other business activities. The nation within and external the business organization might be communicated with proper in sequence so that day can take steps accordingly.

How to Prepare for a Job Interview? Job Interviewing Tips

There is always a little bit pressure while taking an interview. You may easily enhance your interviewing skills by following different job interview tips. After getting an interview call, this is the perfect time for a candidate to use to all of the basic concepts that candidate has learned. As every exam has its own importance and impact on the life, so interview has also a great impact, even it is a more critical than an exam. Just like the candidate cannot pass the exams without studying properly, so the candidate should not sit in the interview without getting prepared completely. The Interview Possesses entire energy to boost the career of the candidate. Certainly, it really needs time and efforts to qualify the interview.

Prepare for a Job Interview – Job Interview Tips
Below are few job interview tips that will allow you to know how to prepare for a job interview? You really need to get familiar with all of them.

10 Effective Oral Presentation Strategies

Every body want to know about various oral presentation strategies through which he can improve his oral presentation skills. Oral Presentation is one of the basic needs of every business, whether it is a small-scale or large-scale. Usually, professionals get over excited or more nervous that causes them the lack of speaking in public which is known as Glossophobia. So rather than getting a therapy of Glossophobia, or spending much time to erase the fear, the speaker has to do something useful that does not only benefit the speaker, but also to the organization. One of the most necessary parts of getting success in a career is to deliver ideas and outcomes logically and clearly. The main purpose of an oral presentation is to grab the attention of the audience and highlight the certain point which may not grab attention when put in written form. Simply, the entire success relies on the shoulders of the presenter. To achieve certain target, the presenter has to burn the desire and work on improving the method of delivering ideas.

Purpose and Types of Business Meeting

Business Meeting is the most important part of business. If there is no meeting in a business to sort out the basic issues or to boost the range of the business, then it may cause a massive loss or a great miscommunication among the top authorities. All those people, who participates in business meeting are known as the participants of business meeting. There are many purposes of scheduling a business meeting. The primary purpose of any meeting is to address the issues, which affect the productivity and operations of a company. Such issues can cause a decrements in the net profit or can be a reason to lose the reputation of the company. To achieve the primary goal of the meeting, the leaders should take hard actions to make a meeting effective. Generally, the following are the most common purposes for calling a meeting.

Leadership Responsibilities in Business Meeting

Business administration is a vast field which offers a wide range of responsibilities to a passionate professional. Leadership responsibilities are one of the most critical areas in the field of business. Getting aware of the responsibilities of a leader is not the only thing that should be known to a passionate individual. But knowing all the facts about leadership is necessary. The leader is the employee of the company, whose responsibility is to call for a meeting and perform necessary duties such as planning, managing, organizing and finally inviting the professional to participating. When an employee is assigned a task of calling a meeting, then the employee has a direct impact on the effectiveness of the meeting. To make sure that the meeting will be effective and the result will be fruitful, the employee who is now in the charge of leader has to follow a certain steps while performing his duties.

Key Leadership Responsibilities in Business Meeting
When arranging a meeting, the entire responsibility relies on the shoulders of the leader and the leader is a key to play a vital role in making the meeting more effective.

How to Write Effective Business Messages?

The process through which business messages are effectively prepared that have the potential to create desired results from the receiver is called process of preparing effective business messages. Both oral & written business messages can utilize this useful process which includes five planning steps. While preparing effective business message, the Seven C’s should also be considered.

Steps For Writing Business Messages:
The process of preparing effective business messages includes the five planning steps which are as follow.

Business Speech and Types of Business Speech

Every individual is familiar with the idea of a speech such as what is speech, its purpose and importance. When a person stands among a great number of people and starts delivering any kind of information, which may be or may not be useful for the audience, but mostly it is valuable, is called a speech. A speech which is deliver in business for some specific purpose is known as business speech. This is also a one way of Business Communication and audience has to sit on a chair for a few hours while the speech is being delivered. The audience knows it very well that the speech must contain anything that will beneficial for them. The main purpose of the business speech is to inform the audience about any specific topic. It really possesses great value in the field of business. Generally, the entrepreneur has to deal with public or private speeches on regular basis. So for a passionate business candidate, it is necessary to know the basic purpose and types of business speech.

Types of Business Speech

Business Plan and How to Make a Business Plan?

Prior to starting a business, the owner should know what to do, where to do, how to do, and when to do.  For such reasons, there is a need of a business plan. Business Plan is a formal statement of a business, which contains a complete description of a business, what to do, why to do, where to do and how to do? It describes what the owner plan to do and how it can be done. The business plan should be prepared keeping all the aspects in the mind or better to write the basic aspects that are directly or indirectly linked with the business. Plan does not mean arranging specific papers, rules and so on. In short, if any individual writes on a torn paper about what to do in the beginning and how to do it on, then it becomes a business plan or at least a part of the plan.

Writing and reading plan can help accomplish a great number of tasks. Mostly, investment seeking entrepreneurs use plans to persuade the investor and conveying their business idea. Not just conveying the investor, but a plan can also be used for attracting important employees, starting a new business, dealing with suppliers and managing companies.

Characteristics of Effective Business Messages

Effective business messages have a common basic characteristics

1. Provide practical information: Business messages usually describe how to do something , explain why a procedure was changed , highlight the cause of a problem or a possible solution , discuss the status of a project , or explain why a new piece of equipment should be purchased.
2. Give facts rather than impression: Business messages use concrete language and specific details. Information must be clear , convincing , accurate and ethical. You must present hard evidence ( not just opinion ) and present all sides of an argument before you commit to a conclusion.
3. Clarify and condense information: Business messages frequently use tables , charts , photos , or diagrams to clarify or condense information , to explain a process , or to emphasize important information.
4. State precise responsibilities: Business messages are directed to a specific audience. Therefore , you must clearly state what is expected of , or what you can do for, that particular audience.

Business Communication and Executive Skills

Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee and just as hard to sleep after. Communication is a process by which information is transmitted and understood between two or more people. It should include both transference and the understanding of meaning.

Communication is the life blood of social as well as corporate world. We exist because we communicate. Even our silence communicates a lot. We all have a layman’s idea of what communication is , but let us try to understand the concept fully so that we can use it effectively.

Communication is the process by which we exchange meanings , facts , ideas ,opinions or emotions with other people. It is an essential condition of our existence and the most important activity of ours. The word communication has been derived from Latin word “ communicare/communis’ that means to ‘share’ or ‘participate’ . Everybody knows that most of the time , through speech or writing or any other means like exchange of a common set of symbols , we are sharing information with other human beings. It is , therefore , first and foremost a social activity. Man as a social animal has to communicate.

Communications in Organization

Concept & Types of Organizations with Reference to the Behavioral Theory
People function in society as individuals and in organized groups, such as family, clan, school, community, professional associations, trade unions, etc.
Organization, according to one of the meanings given in the Oxford Dictionary, is an organized body of people; an organized system.
Just like an organism (a living being, an individual animal or plant), it is an individual entity functioning as a unit. Examples: Telikom, Microsoft, Netscape, The National, Pepsi, Coca-Cola, the Government, the military, the air force, the navy, etc.
Just like an organ (a distinct part of an animal or plant body, adapted for a particular function, i.e., digestive organs) in the larger body of human society, every organization carries out a specific function - be it educational, business, government or religious. To make our analogy more vivid, individuals are like single cells in the body of human society, whereas organizations are like organs with their specific functions.
The Behavioral Theory identifies four levels of communication in the human society, or four main types of communication networks:

• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal
• Group interaction and
• Cultural.

Communication in organizations may occur on all four levels.
Communication in Business Organizations
Business organizations are established to achieve a specific purpose, such as the production of some goods or services. Effective communication is vital for the coordinated functioning of any organization.
There are the two main contexts in which organizational communication may be viewed: internal and external communication.
Internal communication involves all communication networks within the organization, i.e. between the various levels of the hierarchy, departments, branches, or individuals.
The main internal communication channels include:

• Written - memos, reports, forms, notice boards, house magazines, manuals
• Oral - interviews, consultations, formal and informal meetings, grapevine.
• Telecommunications - telephones, intercoms, private lines, fax, computers, email, etc.

External organizational communication entails all communication by the organization with the general public, or other public or business organizations. External communication purposes vary from public relations and image-building to governmental, educational, environmental, etc.
The channels of external communication include the mass media, advertising, letters, company reports, open days, local/community participation, sponsorship, trade fairs and exhibitions, conferences, etc.
Internal communication in all organizations has formal and informal channels of communication.
Levels of Business Communication: There are four levels of communication in organizations:

1. intrapersonal (communication with yourself)
2. interpersonal (communication to a superior or subordinate)
3. one to many (making a speech)
4. many to one (a committee making a presentation to company president, etc.)

Functions of Communication in a Business Organization
The major functions of communication in a business organization include communication for

• Information - passing information between people working in the same organization and between the organization and others
• Control - communication (written, oral, or even nonverbal) is also used as part of management control for the planning of operations, evaluating performance, directing and motivating staff.
• Motivation - The difficulty is for the managers to find a balance between control and motivation and efficiency. Too much control may reduce initiative and actually lead to a lower productivity with less response to what the customer wants and more emphasis on what the workers think the management wants

Increased Volume and Complexity of Communication in Organizations
We know how complex the process of communication is between two parties (See Lecture 1). The complexity of internal communication systems and information flow increases with the growth of the administrative and clerical functions and the size of organizations. In a small organization with perhaps only 6 or 7 staff, all in one room, communication is simple and straightforward, with people talking face to face to one another. There is no need to send innumerable memos or use the telephone.
As soon as the organization expands, so does the communication system. More written communication is needed, more specialized information is needed, even the same information will need to be communicated in different ways to different groups.
Advances in telecommunications technology have significantly expanded our options for communicating, but they have not solved the communication problem at work. It has always been difficult to get the right information to the right people at the right time - and it still is. In fact, one can make a persuasive case that the rate of change and the rapid growth of information are making this age-old challenge more difficult than ever.
In view of the large volume and increased complexity of communication within organizations, the need arises to effectively select, control, and direct the flow of vital information.
This is achieved with the help of formal organizational structure.
Organizational Structure & Lines of Communication
Business organizations consist of people who work together to achieve common goals (at least in theory! :). Organizations are the system by which individuals cooperate, so that there can be specialization of functions and skills for greater efficiency. This specialization of functions forms the basis of organizational structure. All organizations, as we know, have formal and informal structure.
The formal structure is deliberately developed to regulate and direct the flow of information and to control other aspects of organizational hierarchy and set-up. In order to select, restrict, direct, and control the flow of communication within the formal organization structure, the traditional organizations employ the sequential model of communication that emphasizes up and down hierarchal communication. Most frequently we designate communication to superiors as upward/vertical communication, messages to subordinates as downward/vertical communication, and communication to those on our level as lateral/horizontal communication. Diagonal communication occurs when there is communication between lower and higher levels of hierarchy, but both in different lines of authority (for example, between senior members of academic staff and junior Bursary officers, etc.). Most traditional organizations also have a policy of communication (protocol) dictating the etiquette (formal standards/rules of correct and polite behavior within the organization) designed to ensure effective communication within the organization.
Informal structures/networks, based on personal relationships, will not appear on any organization chart, but can have as much or more impact on the functioning of the organization as the formal communication system.
For example, here are some of the positive aspects of the informal network:

• It may speed up the communication process: when an employee in one department needs help to complete a task or solve a problem, members of the informal network in other sections can use their authority or power to assist. This avoids the delay of ‘going through the right channels.’
• It may create a conducive working atmosphere, again leading to higher productivity: If the needs and goals of formal management coincide with those of the informal organization, in other words, if staff are well motivated, then the atmosphere of trust between the management and employees will lead to higher productivity.
• It helps to diffuse tensions: Job satisfaction is also related to social environment. The informal network allows employees to ‘let off steam’ with other colleagues, thus diffusing potentially destructive conflicts.
• It provides feedback to the management: If management are sensitive to the ‘grapevine,’ they can obtain information on how employees feel about the organization, the management, and the work.

Some of the possible negative effects of the informal organization:

• It may cause conflict within the formal structure: when the goals of the informal organization differ from those of the formal structure, conflict occurs. If the formal channels of communication are ineffective, rumor and gossip (‘grapevine’) spread like wild fire and may disrupt the work process. Individual perceptions distort information. Rumor is the unsupported or untrue part of the informal communication and is therefore of great disadvantage to the organization.
• The informal organization will tend to resist change: organizational restructuring (downsizing, etc.) that are perceived to threaten the existing structure, will be opposed effectively by a well- formed informal organization.

Every organization has a constantly changing informal communication network that involves the link between individuals and groups outside the formal lines of authority and communication. To deal with it effectively, management should recognize its existence and try to influence its direction. It will do so by being aware of the rumors, replacing rumors with fact, and creating conditions that support the goals of both groups.
Classification of Organizational Structures: Despite the wide diversity of organizational structures, we can classify them according to the following criteria:

• The extent of complexity
• The level of formalization
• The degree of centralization.

The greater the number of individual job functions/titles in an organization, the more complex the structure. The more sections, departments, or divisions in the organization, the more complex a company becomes because there are more levels between the least powerful and senior management.
Complexity: Organizational structures may be tall or flat, depending on the number of levels of management.
Tall structures are typical of large public sector corporations; they are also still found in some large companies. Tall structures are put in place when the management wants to centralize all decision-making and retain control over the whole of the organization.
Flat structures exist in those organizations which have very few levels of management, so that there may be only one or two levels in the hierarchy.
The number of levels, that is, whether the organization is tall or flat, directly affects communication within an organization. The effectiveness of communication will depend on how well managed the organization is, and on the extent of horizontal links.
Formalization: The more an organization determines the job specifications of its employees, the more formalized it is. Low formalization in a job means that the employee has a high degree of independence and discretion in the job. In other words, it means a high degree of control over work. Conversely, high formalization means little control or independence, therefore little power.
Centralization: The communication effectiveness of an organization will also depend on the extent of the centralization of decision-making in the company. Organizations with tall structures tend to be highly centralized: all major decisions there require the approval of top management. This means that middle management is unable to make important decisions and must therefore use memos, short reports, and submissions to request a decision.
Thus, there is an undeniable link between the organizational and communication structure of any concern. This is not the place for a detailed analysis of the link between an organization’s structure and its overall efficiency; however, structure does have a major effect on the communication that takes place. Traditional organizations, operating in a more or less stable environment, tend to be more structured and make greater use of organizational charts, protocol, policies, and job descriptions. Modern organizations, operating in a very dynamic environment, may have no organizational charts, job descriptions, or standing plans; they are highly flexible. The structured organization is called mechanistic, and the flexible structure, organic.
Mechanistic structures:

• are static, rigid, vertically oriented, pyramid shaped
• use rules, policies, procedures
• decision-making is limited to top management
• authority is based on position
• have elaborate control system and
• rigid communication channels.

Mechanistic structures are best used when

• goals are well known and long lasting
• there is a stable, reasonably simple environment
• technology is simple and well understood
• work force appreciates routine, structure, and low levels of ambiguity.

Organic structures:

• are fluid, dynamic, ever changing
• horizontally oriented
• flat
• decision-making takes place at all levels
• changing authority patterns
• authority based on expertise
• collaboration
• informal routes of communication based on current needs.

They are best used when

• tasks are uncertain
• environment is complex and ever changing
• technology is complex and constantly changing
• workforce is creative and innovative.

Communication in a “Network” Organization: Facing New Realities. Leadership (management) has generally been considered the province of the CEO (Central Executive Officers), or at best, a few people at the top of the organizational hierarchy. “Command and control” leadership/management carried many organizations to very high levels of financial performance during periods when competition was not so great and things did not change very fast - but its time has passed. It is becoming clear that no small group at the top can provide the leadership needed for an entire organization of any size in the information age. The demands on the total organization are too great for a few people at the top to call all the shots.
Today, better-informed customers, rapid change, and fierce competition from global competitors demand empowered employees exercising leadership at every level of the organization. This is not possible without a radical restructuring of the traditional sequential model of organizational communication. As mentioned earlier, there have been three pervasive patterns that will no longer work in knowledge-based organizations:

1. the primary flow of information was vertical - within departmental walls that were often impermeable,
2. information was hoarded and used as a source of power over others, and
3. people at the top often withheld crucial strategic information from those lower in the organization in the belief they couldn’t handle it.

The restrictive and regulatory function of the traditional sequential model of communication is no longer effective in ensuring the timely delivery of the right kind of information to the right people at all levels of the modern organization. Because vertical communication is bound by hierarchy and function, communication is constrained, lacking integration across function. The sequential model restricts innovation and prevents organizations from making effective use of information resources. A new, concurrent communication model is evolving - it is goal oriented and emphasizes an interactive process that supports simultaneous and spontaneous communication. Since communication is a critical element in organizational design, a new type of ‘network’ organization is evolving, with formal and informal interactive communication structures at all units and levels. As the environment becomes more dynamic, the general trend is for organizations to move from the mechanistic structure to organic structure in order to remain competitive.
Channels of Communication and Networking. Types of Networks. When we communicate with those above us, below us, or around us, we are establishing communication networks. These may be formal channels or informal channels.
Within the organization, there are usually four types of networks:

• Wheel: a wheel network exists when there is a supervisor with a number of subordinates reporting directly without consultation or links with each other.
• Chain, in a chain communication network information is passed sequentially to the next employee above or below in the line of authority.
• Circle, the circle is a three level hierarchy with the lowest level of employees communicating with each other and directly with the person on the next level. That level then reports directly to the higher level. Communication also occurs downwards between the levels.
• Star, or the all channel network, is more an ideal than a reality, every member of the organization is able to communicate directly as an equal with every other member. Some committees are examples of all channel (star) networks.

The most structured is the wheel; the least structured is the star, where opportunities for feedback are greatest and morale is usually the highest.
Communication Media in Business Communication
Both formal and informal channels of communication may employ four major media of communication.

• face-to-face communication (formal meetings, interviews, informal contact, the grapevine),
• oral communication (the telephone, the intercom or public address system),
• written communication (letters, memos, reports, forms, notice boards, bulletins, newsletters, organizational manuals, etc.),
• visual communication (charts, films, slides, photos, etc.).

Principles of Business Communication
There are eleven principles of business communication.

1. Conciseness. Most business people are very busy (time is money!). The wordy letter is usually put aside, for its very wordiness makes comprehension difficult.
2. Completeness. Your communication must contain all necessary information. Having to request information that should have been included will probably antagonize the recipient of the communication.
3. Courtesy.
4. Correctness. Everyone has a tendency to focus on errors. To many people, errors in spelling, price quotations, sentence structure, and the like are a reflection of organizational inefficiency.
5. Clarity. All ambiguity should be avoided.
6. Logical Organization. It is one of the keys to all effective communication.
7. Attractiveness. All business communication should ‘look good’. Appearance is also important in face-to-face communication.
8. Natural tone. The tone of business communication should be friendly, natural, and sincere. Hackneyed, archaic, and obsolete words, phrases and expressions should be avoided.
9. Tact. Controversial expressions that might antagonize or embarrass the ‘receiver’ should be avoided. At times it is necessary to convey unpleasant ideas, but the choice of words used to accomplish that objective should permit the ‘receiver’ to save face and accept the idea.
10. Positive tone. A positive tone almost invariably evokes a positive reaction. In almost every situation, it is more desirable to make a positive statement. On rare occasions you may wish to convey a negative idea or problem. However, you should almost always follow immediately with an offer of a positive solution.
11. ‘Receiver’ orientation. An effective communicator must be sensitive to the reactions and anticipated responses of the ‘receiver(s)’.