DBMS - Architecture

The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture. It can be centralized or decentralized or hierarchical. The architecture of a DBMS can be seen as either single tier or multi-tier. An n-tier architecture divides the whole system into related but independent n modules, which can be independently modified, altered, changed, or replaced.

In 1-tier architecture, the DBMS is the only entity where the user directly sits on the DBMS and uses it.

DBMS - Overview

Database is a collection of related data and data is a collection of facts and figures that can be processed to produce information.

Mostly data represents recordable facts. Data aids in producing information, which is based on facts. For example, if we have data about marks obtained by all students, we can then conclude about toppers and average marks.

SQL Server - Restoring Databases

Restoring is the process of copying data from a backup and applying logged transactions to the data. Restore is what you do with backups. Take the backup file and turn it back into a database.

The Restore database option can be done using either of the following two methods.

Method 1 – T-SQL
Syntax
Restore database <Your database name> from disk = '<Backup file location + file name>'

SQL Server - Monitor Database

Monitoring refers to checking database status, settings which can be the owner’s name, file names, file sizes, backup schedules, etc.

SQL Server databases can be monitored mainly through SQL Server Management Studio or T-SQL, and also can be monitored through various methods like creating agent jobs and configuring database mail, third party tools, etc.

SQL Server - Assign Permissions

Permissions refer to the rules governing the levels of access that principals have to securables. You can grant, revoke and deny permissions in MS SQL Server.

To assign permissions either of the following two methods can be used.

SQL Server - Creating Backups

Backup is a copy of data/database, etc. Backing up MS SQL Server database is essential for protecting data. MS SQL Server backups are mainly three types − Full or Database, Differential or Incremental, and Transactional Log or Log.

Backup database can be done using either of the following two methods.

SQL Server - Drop Database

To remove your database from MS SQL Server, use drop database command. Following two methods can be used for this purpose.

Method 1 – Using T-SQL Script
Following is the basic syntax for removing database from MS SQL Server.

Computer Programming - Summary

Computer programming is defined as telling a computer what to do through a special set of instructions which are then interpreted by the computer to perform some task(s). These instructions can be specified in one or more programming languages including Java, Python, C, and C++.

A computer goes through a set of steps whose purpose is to achieve something. These steps are instructed to the computer by computer programs. Essentialy, computer programming is the process by which these programs are designed and implemented.

Computer Programming - File I/O

Computer Files
A computer file is used to store data in digital format like plain text, image data, or any other content. Computer files can be organized inside different directories. Files are used to keep digital data, whereas directories are used to keep files.

Computer files can be considered as the digital counterpart of paper documents. While programming, you keep your source code in text files with different extensions, for example, C programming files end with the extension .c, Java programming files with .java, and Python files with .py.

Computer Programming - Functions

A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action. Functions provide better modularity for your application and a high degree of code reusing. You have already seen various functions like printf() and main(). These are called built-in functions provided by the language itself, but we can write our own functions as well and this tutorial will teach you how to write and use those functions in C programming language.

Good thing about functions is that they are famous with several names. Different programming languages name them differently, for example, functions, methods, sub-routines, procedures, etc.

Computer Programming - Strings

During our discussion about characters, we learnt that character data type deals with a single character and you can assign any character from your keyboard to a character type variable.

Now, let's move a little bit ahead and consider a situation where we need to store more than one character in a variable. We have seen that C programming does not allow to store more than one character in a character type variable. So the following statements are invalid in C programming and produce syntax errors −

Computer Programming - Arrays

Consider a situation where we need to store five integer numbers. If we use programming's simple variable and data type concepts, then we need five variables of int data type and the program will be as follows −

#include <stdio.h>

main() {

   int  number1;

   int  number2;

   int  number3;

   int  number4;

   int  number5;

   

Computer Programming - Characters

If it was easy to work with numbers in computer programming, it would be even easier to work with characters. Characters are simple alphabets like a, b, c, d...., A, B, C, D,....., but with an exception. In computer programming, any single digit number like 0, 1, 2,....and special characters like $, %, +, -.... etc., are also treated as characters and to assign them in a character type variable, you simply need to put them inside single quotes. For example, the following statement defines a character type variable ch and we assign a value 'a' to it −

char ch = 'a';

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