State Bank of Pakistan Act, 1956

This extends to the whole of Pakistan. It shall come into force at once and except Section 46, shall be deemed to have taken effect on and from the twelfth day of May, 1948.
Definitions: the definitions as contained in the Act are given hereunder:
"Annual general meeting" means the annual meeting of the shareholders-of the Bank;
"Approved foreign exchange" means currencies declared as such by any notification under Sec19;
"The Bank" means the State Bank of Pakistan;
"Bank Notes" means notes made and issued by the Bank in accordance with Section 24 and include currency notes of the Government of Pakistan issued  by the Bank;
“Central Board" means the Central Board of Directors of the Bank;
"Co-operative Bank" means a society registered under the Co-operative Societies       Act, 1912, or any other law for the time being in force in Pakistan relating to       co- operative societies, the primary object of which is to provide financial       accommodation to its members;
"Debentures" includes participation term certificates;
"Director" means a Director for the time being of the Central Board;
 "General meeting" means the meeting of the share-holders ' of the Bank convened for       transacting such       business as may be specified in the notice convening the meeting;
"Governor" and "Deputy Governors" means respectively the Governor and Deputy      Governors of the Bank;
"Loans and advances" includes finances provided on the basis of participation in profit  and loss, mark up in price, leasing, hire-purchase of otherwise;
"Local Board" means a Local Board of Members;
"Member" means a Member for the Local Board;
"Rupee coin" means one-rupee coin and one-rupee notes which are legal tender in        Pakistan;
"Scheduled bank" means a bank for the time being included in the list of banks       maintained under sub-section (1) of Section 37;
"Securities" includes securities as defined in the Capital Issues (Continuance of       Control) Act, 1947 (XXIX of 1947);
"Shares" includes modaraba certificates.
 
Establishment and incorporation of the Bank: Sec 3:
As soon as may be after the commencement of this Act steps shall be taken to establish, in accordance with the provisions of this Act, a bank to be called the State Bank of Pakistan or Bank Dautat-e-Pakistan, for the purposes of taking over, as from the first day of July, 1948, the management of the currency from the Reserve Bank of India, and carrying on the business of Central Banking.

Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962

Ombudsman Defined:

• According to International Bar Association, Ombudsman is defined as an “office” provided by the constitution or by an action of the legislature or parliament and headed by an independent, high level public official which is responsible to the legislature or parliament, who receives complaints from the aggrieved person, official, and employees or who acts on his own motion and has the power to investigate, recommend corrective action and issue reports.
• A man who investigates complaints and mediates fair settlements, especially between aggrieved parties such as consumers or students and an institution or organization.
• A government official, especially in Scandinavian countries, who investigates citizens' complaints against the government or its functionaries.

Evolution
In the modern world, an ombudsman was first established in 1809 in Sweden. The word “ombudsman” is of Swedish origin and means “representative or agent” of the people. In 1919, more than a century after Sweden appointed an ombudsman, another Scandinavian country, Finland, adopted the Swedish model for the redressal of public grievances against agencies of state. The next country to follow was Denmark - this happened more recently in 1955. The first country outside Europe to establish such an office was New Zealand. This was in 1962 and generated tremendous global interest inspiring many countries, in search of good governance, to launch such schemes. Today, over 100 countries have such a platform in place. In 1995, the European Union established the first European Ombudsman under the Maastricht Treaty.

The Banks (Nationalization) Act, 1974

Nationalization of Banks 
We have gone through the evolutionary process of banking in Pakistan. We know that by June 30th 1948 the number of branches in Pakistan was only eighty one. However with the establishment of State Bank of Pakistan and efforts of the government, the number of schedule bank increased to 14 with 3323 branches all over Pakistan and also 74 branches in foreign countries by Dec 31st 1973. The commercial banks grew at tremendous speed and mobilized savings from the public and also contributed a lot in financing business and corporate sector. However it was considered that although banking sector was growing but the fruits of development were limited only to the urban population and corporate sector whereas most of the sectors, people and under develop regions were not getting due share. As such it was decided that banks should be nationalized.  For the implementation of this objective Nationalization Act 1974 was promulgated.

Objectives of Nationalization
The nationalization was carried out with a view to achieve the following objectives:
-- Disbursement of funds to the desired channels to achieve the priorities set out by the government for social welfare projects. 
-- Equitable distribution of credit to different classes, sectors and regions.

 Salient features of The Bank (Nationalization) Act, 1974
The Act extends to the whole of Pakistan. 
Act to override other laws.- This Act shall have effect not withstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any agreement, contract, award memorandum or articles of association or other instrument.

Evolution of Banking

Historical Overview of Banking     
 Before we move on to evolution of banking in Pakistan, it would be quite interesting to have a glimpse of historical evolution of banking over a period of time.
 Today, we look around us chain of banks rendering host of services to their customers. These banks cater to the commercial and industrial needs of all countries which include die highly developed and industrialized countries, the less developed countries and the countries which are at the take-off stage. Thus there are the industrial banks, the commercial banks, the joint stock banks, the co-operative banks, the agricultural banks, rural development banks, lead banks and so many other types of banks and credit institutions which are functioning. They not only meet the requirements on a national basis, but also on an international basis and what may be called as an ever expanding advancement in banking. The Banks now-a-days are performing so many functions that it would not be a misnomer to suggest that they have become the custodian of the monetary economies of the world.  When we talk of great scientific developments and inventions, banking as it stands today is also a wonder of the world.

Financial Instruments & Banking Law & Practices

Financial Instruments
We have discussed financial system and financial institutions, now shall move on to financial instruments. Financial instruments are the vehicles by which financial markets channel funds from savers to borrowers and provide returns to savers. We shall discuss major instruments or securities, traded in the financial sys­tem. For convenience, we analyze money market and capital market instru­ments separately. Both money market and capital market assets are actively traded in financial markets.

Money Market Instruments
The short maturity of money market assets doesn't allow much time for their returns to vary. Therefore these instruments are safe investments for short-term surplus funds of households and firms. However, ill making investment decisions, savers must still consider the possibility of default—the chance that the borrower will be unable to repay the entire amount borrowed plus interest at maturity.

Financial System & Banking

Financial System
Complete and complex ever changing set of rules, regulations, procedures, practices policies, conducts; role of institutions (financial institution), Governments, Policy makers and central bank taken together may be called financial system.
 The financial system does have its impacts on individuals, businesses, corporations and governments alike. At times in your life, you will be a saver and at other times, you may be a borrower.  The financial system channels funds from savers to borrowers and makes it possible for both to achieve their objectives. When the financial system works efficiently, it leads to better health of the economy.

Purpose of the financial system
Most of us at one time or another may need more funds than you have on hand for one purpose or another.  At the same time, others spend Jess than their incomes.  Those who have surplus funds may be willing to let someone else use their savings if they are compensated for doing so.
The mismatch of income and spending for individuals and organizations / creates an opportunity to trade. The investor can use the funds saved by different classes of people. The investor would be better off by earning a profit from investing funds in a new venture and savers who have lent their money would be better off 'by receiving the return that the investor pays them for lending their funds.

Legal System of Pakistan

We know that every body around talks about law according to one’s own perception. Before studying the statutory provisions of law, interpretation and significance of law, it is important to know what law is all about. Law in general sense is defined as under:
“The law consists of rules that regulate the conduct of individuals, businesses, and other organizations within society”

Significance of law 
Law is to maintain rights, uphold justice and redress wrongs. Law ensures public order, balance, harmony, peace among the persons within the state and inter-states. We can easily conceive that in the absence of law and legal system there would have been disorder, unrest and chaos all around us.

Jurisprudence                                                                        
For understanding law, we must have preliminary understanding of jurisprudence.    
The legal experts term civil law as science of jurisprudence. Some concepts of jurisprudence are given below:
“Jurisprudence means the knowledge of law, or knowledge of just and unjust”
It deals with laws that are enforceable by the courts.

Ways to Improve Managerial Communication

The exchange of ideas and information among managers or team leaders within an organization refers to managerial communication. Individuals need to communicate with each other effectively for better coordination and better relations amongst themselves.
Let us go through various ways to improve managerial communication skills at workplace:

• One of the best ways for managers to improve communication at workplace is to know their team members well. Address all your team members by their names and interact with them more often. Sit with them atleast thrice in a week to know what they are upto? Try to read their expressions and find out whether they are able to understand what you intend to communicate or not? Find out whether they understand their roles and responsibilities or any other work assigned to them or not?

Role of Managerial Communication at Workplace

It is important that communication with staff does not only occur around negative instances and that positive achievements are well communicated as well.  All of this helps to engage staff and reduce turnover - highly engaged staff are more profitable staff.
Communication and feedback is the key to a successful working environment as it helps:

• people learn
  
• create opportunity for professional and personal development
• boost morale and loyalty
  
• provide insight into how your business is running

A great way to set the foundations for successful staff communication is to use our template to clearly outline your businesses policies and procedures.

Skills Required for Effective Managerial Communication

Good communication is one of the most critical aspects of leadership. When staff are able to approach you with queries and problems it creates transparency and open lines of communication.
Learning how to listen also goes a long way towards effective communication. Discussion doesn’t work if you don’t take the time to concentrate on and listen to what’s being said; it has to work both ways. With good communication, managers can develop a great relationship with the people on their team, gain loyalty and commitment from employees and achieve the company’s short and long term goals.
Key ways to improve your managerial communication skills include learning to listen, empathise and practicing what you have to say. We have some great tips on how to improve your skills in this area that will help you understand what, when and how to communicate effectively.

Tips for Effective Managerial Communication

It is essential for employees to communicate effectively with each other for better understanding as well as increased productivity at workplace. Employees doing everything on their own are generally overburdened and eventually fail to deliver their best.

Effective managerial communication enables the flow of information and knowledge among employees in its desired form. Managers need to interact with their team members to extract the best out of them. Problems remain unsolved if employees do not communicate with each other. Discussions go a long way in reducing confusions and also improve the relations among employees.

Barriers to Effective Managerial Communication

Managers need to interact with each other as well as with their team members on a regular basis not only to get things done effectively but also to ensure peace at the workplace.
Effective communication at all levels within an organization helps resolve problems within the desired time frame.
Let us go through various barriers to effective managerial communication at the workplace:

• Partiality and workplace politics are the major barriers to effective communication at the workplace.
• Managers must not be partial to any of their team members. It is considered strictly unprofessional. Each employee should be treated as one. Do not ignore any of your team members just because you do not like him. A good manager is one who is impartial to all. Managers have a tendency to communicate with individuals who are their friends or say a yes to whatever they say. This indeed is a wrong practice. You must speak to all your team members and address their queries. Problems and misunderstandings arise when there is lack of communication and employees feel ignored.

Types of Managerial Communication

Managerial communication refers to interaction among managers and their subordinates within an organization.
It is essential for managers to communicate with their team members and vice a versa to ensure maximum productivity and peace at workplace.

Communication generally takes place as:

• Downward communication - Flow of information from managers to employees
• Upward Communication - Flow of information from employees to managers

Importance of Managerial Communication

Before understanding the importance of managerial communication at workplace let us first go through a real life situation.
Tim and Jack both worked with an organization of repute. Tim represented the marketing vertical while Jack was heading the advertising department. Tim and Jack preferred doing things on their own. The two managers hardly interacted with each other and never really bothered to discuss things and reach to better conclusions. The organization lost an important deal due to lack of communication between the two teams. Such is the importance of communication within the organization.

Introduction to Managerial Communication

Why do individuals need to communicate with each other ?
Information if not shared is of no use. Communication plays a pivotal role in information sharing. Individuals working together in the same organization need to speak to each other to keep themselves abreast with the latest developments in the organization.
It is practically not possible for an individual to do everything on his own. He needs a medium which helps him discuss various ideas and evaluate pros and cons of proposed strategies with people around. Here comes the role of communication.

What is Managerial Communication ?
Managerial communication is a function which helps managers communicate with each other as well as with employees within the organization.
Communication helps in the transfer of information from one party also called the sender to the other party called the receiver.